In stark terms, the paper casts Russia and China as the two principal revisionist powers challenging European security and the international rules-based order.
“At the centre of this transformation lies the determination of some powers, Russia and China foremost among them, to establish regional dominance and reshape the global order in line with their interests, fostering a return to a sphere-of-influence logic,” read the document, which was written by the EU’s External Action Service – its de facto foreign office – as guidance for the bloc’s first security strategy, expected later this year.